Yet more from the War for Drugs. This is a long New Yorker piece of the sort more comfortably read in print, but it's a good read worth the effort even on the screen. Nothing groundbreaking if you've been following the neurodrug news like we do here in the Dirt, but a good overview with lots of personal anecdotes and stats. They talk with a drug-taking pro poker player but no chessplayers.
Last April, the scientific journal Nature published the results of an informal online poll asking whether readers attempted to sharpen "their focus, concentration, or memory" by taking drugs such as Ritalin and Provigil--a newer kind of stimulant, known generically as modafinil, which was developed to treat narcolepsy. One out of five respondents said that they did. A majority of the fourteen hundred readers who responded said that healthy adults should be permitted to take brain boosters for nonmedical reasons, and sixty-nine per cent said that mild side effects were an acceptable risk. Though a majority said that such drugs should not be made available to children who had no diagnosed medical condition, a third admitted that they would feel pressure to give "smart drugs" to their kids if they learned that other parents were doing so. . . .
And it's not just alertness and concentration drugs anymore. Who wouldn't want to improve their memory, which is what Bobby Fischer famously said was the key to being a good chessplayer?
Among the drugs in the pipeline are ampakines, which target a type of glutamate receptor in the brain; it is hoped that they may stem the memory loss associated with diseases like Alzheimer's. But ampakines may also give healthy people a palpable cognitive boost. A 2007 study of sixteen healthy elderly volunteers found that five hundred milligrams of one particular ampakine "unequivocally" improved short-term memory, though it appeared to detract from episodic memory--the recall of past events. Another class of drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors, which are already being used with some success to treat Alzheimer's patients, have also shown promise as neuroenhancers. In one study, the drug donepezil strengthened the performance of pilots on flight simulators; in another, of thirty healthy young male volunteers, it improved verbal and visual episodic memory.
Some of the research implications are interesting. One, that the closer you already are to high-performing in a cognitive area the less these drugs are likely to help. This is commonsensical, but it's also in the peak performance areas where a tiny edge can make all the difference.
The societal implications are also well discussed, addressing the "so what?" argument that I largely embrace.
If we eventually decide that neuroenhancers work, and are basically safe, will we one day enforce their use? Lawmakers might compel certain workers--emergency-room doctors, air-traffic controllers--to take them. (Indeed, the Air Force already makes modafinil available to pilots embarking on long missions.) For the rest of us, the pressure will be subtler--that queasy feeling I get when I remember that my younger colleague is taking Provigil to meet deadlines. All this may be leading to a kind of society I'm not sure I want to live in: a society where we're even more overworked and driven by technology than we already are, and where we have to take drugs to keep up; a society where we give children academic steroids along with their daily vitamins. . . .
t makes no sense to ban the use of neuroenhancers. Too many people are already taking them, and the users tend to be educated and privileged people who proceed with just enough caution to avoid getting into trouble. Besides, Anjan Chatterjee is right that there is an apt analogy with plastic surgery. In a consumer society like ours, if people are properly informed about the risks and benefits of neuroenhancers, they can make their own choices about how to alter their minds, just as they can make their own decisions about shaping their bodies.
Another way to accelerate our culture doesn't sound very attractive, especially if it's only among those who can afford it. It would add another layer to the better neighborhoods, better schools, and other advantages of wealth. Chess pros with enough money to work more with coaches and seconds have an advantage as well. (Though unlike with drugs, they usually earned that money by doing very well without the entourage first.) And there is no way you are ever going to find a 12-year-old international-class wunderkind whose family can't afford a computer today.
But as dystopian as our drugged-out chess future may sound, I do hope people will be open about their experiences so that at least we get to learn something. They don't have to wear "I'm taking 20mg of Adderall today" stickers to the tournament, but I'm sure the science people would love to hear from chessplayers who play and/or train under the influence.